Electrical Resistance

JMJ MARIST BROTHERS NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY MARIST AVENUE, GENERAL SANTOS CITY MULTITESTER Instrumentation and Control CpE 511 NAME: KURT RUSSEL C. CHUASeptember 01, 2012 CYNTHIA C. GONZAGADate of Submission INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. JAY S. VILLAN, MEP-EE Introduction A multitester or multimeter is a device which can be used to gather data about electrical circuits. A basic multitester can measure resistance, voltage, and continuity; while more advanced versions may be able to provide additional data.This tool can be very useful to have around the house, and anyone who plans on doing electrical repairs should most definitely use a multitester for safety reasons. Multitesters can be used with the current off or on in most cases, although using the device with the current on can sometimes result in damage to the device. Theory Ammeters are employed for measuring current in a circuit and connected in series with the circuit. As ammeter is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals should be as low as possible.This requires that the resistance of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of ammeter has low current carrying capacity whereas the current to be measured may be quite high. For this reason a low resistance is connected in parallel to the current coil. Voltmeters are employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of the circuit these are connected in the parallel to the circuit. The resistance of voltmeter is kept very high by connecting a high resistance in series of the voltmeter with the current coil of the instrument.The actual voltage drop across the current coil of the voltmeter is only a fraction of the total voltage applied across the voltmeter which is to be measured. An ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the resistance placed between its leads. The resistance reading is indicated through a mechanical meter movement which operates on electric current. The ohmmeter must th en have an internal source of voltage to create the necessary current to operate the movement, and also have appropriate ranging resistors to allow just the right amount of current through the movement at any given resistance.One major problem with this design is its reliance upon a stable battery voltage for accurate resistance reading. If the battery voltage decreases, the ohmmeter scale will lose accuracy. Conclusion Aside from using devices such as  multitester, the resistance value of a  resistor can be determined by its color coding. There are small differences between measured and color coded values of the resistances. These differences may be caused by some factors such as the multitester used in the experiment and some mistakes made by the experimenters.It is much easier to read the resistance value of a resistor through a digital multitester than by using an analog multitester and by color coding. In addition, in using an analog multitester, you have to first consider the range of the resistance and make the zero-ohm adjustment in each and every reading. In that case, that is the only time you  can acquire the resistance value after a  slight inconvenient process. Pictorial Calculation For Ammeter: * 0. 25A R1=99mV0. 25A R1= 0. 96 ? * 25mA R2=99mV25mA-R1 R2= 3. 564 ? * 2. 5mA R3=99mV2. 5mA-R2-R1 R3= 35. 64 ? For DC Voltmeter: * 2. 5V R1=2. 5V49. 5 µA-Rm R1= 48, 505. 05051 ? * 10V R2=10V49. 5 µA-Rm-R1 R2= 151,515. 1515 ? * 50V R3=50V49. 5 µA-Rm-R1-R2 R3= 808,080. 8081 ? For AC Voltmeter: * 10V Im=49. 5 µA0. 637 Im= 77. 70800628 µA R1=1. 41410-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R1=161,947. 0707 ? * 25V R2=1. 41425-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R2= 434,891. 9192 ? * 250V R3=1. 414250-1. 477. 70800628 µA-Rm R3= 4,529,064. 646 ?

My Blooms Taxonomy

Jake Hunter Instructor Peters Student Success 0200 31 October 2012 Bloom’s Taxonomy Essay I learned a lot of new ways in order to make myself a better student in student success. The 4 main skills I found most useful to me were note taking, time management, critical thinking, and reading. These 4 skills used together will make all the difference in school and grades. This class has showed many others useful tools but these are my most interested skills that I have learned and become interested in.Well with critical thinking Ill asked myself questions such as what did I just read and what if I had a test right now could I apply what I just learned. Applying what you’ve read is very important and studying and reviewing over what you’ve read is the most important thing. Why did I read this? Why am I taking notes? Applying the why to note taking and time management and the other 4 skills I find helpful helps me clarify what I’m doing. I’ve had encounter s when I ask myself why didn’t I read that information sooner or why didn’t I study and review over my notes I had taken?Why couldn’t I of managed my time better? Asking me these questions every day and trying to make solutions for them help me and will help anyone else. The important facts I learned about each of these skills in that they are not only helpful in school but at home and the workplace to. Note taking can be used anywhere even at home or work. All of these skills will help you become a better individual and allow you to create a better sense of who you are and how you learn.In time management you have ask yourself questions so that you can fit everything in your schedule. I plan to use my note taking skills in all my classes and outside of class so that I can review all of the information I need to every day right after I have a lecture or after work so I don’t forget my job duties. There is no such thing as too much studying and reviewing a nd reviewing makes things less cloudy so you have fewer questions to ask yourself.I’ll use my time management skills to better schedule due dates and test schedules so they bite my from behind and so I won’t forget about planning time for work and studying so I can make a decent grade on my final exams or important tests. Reading my information over and over will help my comprehend it better and leave less room for cloudiness and allow myself to have less and less questions about the information I need to learn so I can make a better grade on my tests and other assignments.I plan to do everything differently such as taking notes and studying a lot more physically. I plan to apply as much energy into my reviewing as much as I do in sports or in other activities. Reviewing and reviewing will help me understand things better and allow myself to be a better person and student. I plan to manage my time better and allow myself to create better schedules to get important thin gs done without sacrificing time for unimportant things. These skills will affect my life tremendously. Not only will it make me a better student but make things a lot easier.These skills I’ve learned through this class have opened new doors and have showed me what I am actually capable of. I will learn these skills throughout my entire life and they will allow things to be much easier for me. The strategy’s I learned in note taking such as applying much more energy into reviewing information and reviewing it over and over so it won’t seem cloudy will help me increase my knowledge while disciplining me in becoming a better student. Managing my time will not only help me with school task but for family and work also.

Big Mountain High School Case Study Analysis Education Essay

Big Mountain High School serves over 1450 pupils in grades 10-12. Large Mountain is the lone high school in the county, and besides the largest high school in the province. Its geographical location is known for its wilderness and beauty. Because of its location it is mostly a rural territory where many of the attending pupils commute more than 30 stat mis every twenty-four hours to have day-to-day direction. The population of the school ranges from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. As evidenced in the instance, 40 % of the pupils will travel on to go toing 4-year colleges, while 20 % of the pupils attend 2-year colleges. For pupils that are non college edge, as an excess educational option, the territory provides them with a vocational plan ( Smith A ; Louis, Winter 1999 ) . The Superintendent of the territory is Mr. Bob Carpenter a indigen of the territory. He has been the overseer for four old ages and he is described as being magnetic, a individual who makes determinations and gets things done. He is extremely respected amongst the instructors and staff because he meets straight with the instructors and listens to what they have to state. Mr. Carpenter is besides described as utilizing a bottom-up leading manner doctrine. The chief Mr. Vogel has held the place for 15 old ages. He is known as being a dedicated manager, candid and carnival to his staff. Mr. Vogel besides adopted a bottom-up leading manner doctrine. Some nevertheless, see him to be â€Å" crusty and impersonal † and even unapproachable. He makes hiring determinations, nominates the section chairs, normally communicates with instructors in short staff meetings, and maintains that disposal has full authorization over the processs and policies in the school. The sections at Big Mountain high school were given entire authorization and liberty as how they distribute the instruction assignments, how course of study and direction is designed and they besides make the determinations on budget allotments. Meetings between the principal and section caputs are non regular events, they normally meet one time every three hebdomads and the meetings are normally really short. Finally, there are the instructors. The territory ranks the highest paid among other territories in the province, supplying the territory with a big pool of extremely qualified appliers. Teachers at Big Mountain command how they teach, have small or no treatments over learning methods, the type of direction, and have small or no input in the determination doing procedure that takes topographic point in the school. Faculty is divided and with really small interdisciplinary engagement. There are several leading issues present in the instance. The major issues revolve around the ability of the leading to expeditiously take the school during a much needed alteration. In the instance of the mandated course of study alteration as required by the province, the treatments of the new course of study raised personal and pedagogical differences amongst the module. If the end of the leading is to further growing and alter the way in which the school is traveling, it would be wise for the leading to take a human resource frame attack as discussed in Bolman A ; Deal, where under the human resource frame, leaders provide and foster equal engagement in the determination devising ( Bolman A ; Deal, 2008 ) . At Big Mountain, the caputs of section have a significant sum of influence and authorization, and are perceived by the module as decision makers and determination shapers. These differences in power have led to a deficiency of interdisciplinary engagement between section caputs and module members where Hargreaves A ; Fink refer to as, traditional power blocks ( Hargreaves A ; Fink, April 2004 ) . This deficiency of interdisciplinary engagement and the misinterpretation of a collaborative leading, as become a top-down hierarchy leading, instead than a sensed bottom-up leading as expressed by the chief Mr. Vogel. It is obvious that the principal in this school will non be developing meaningful relationships with the staff. His neglect for the sentiments of the instructors during his short module meetings, along with his important leading manner resemble what Fullan ( 2001 ) describes as coercive and bossy leading. As the freshly appointed caput for the Language Arts Department, Mr. Chester non merely appointed to the commission merely those who agree with him, he besides restricted the engagement from the instructors that will be implementing the course of study. By making so, he derailed Bolman A ; Deal ‘s model attack, and the construct of the structural frame where the attempts of groups and persons are coordinated, and besides the human resource frame, where affecting others gives them a sense of belonging and ownership ( Bolman A ; Deal, 2008 ) . Even though ab initio the principal shared the determination devising with the commission, he rapidly reversed that determination and decided to do the determinations himself. However, subsequently he decided to name Chester to take the new alterations commission to implement the new course of study. One once more his rushed determination was made without the engagement and the input from the instructors, go forthing it small room to win and showing the deficiency of communicating and alliance edifice, necessary when turn toing alteration ( Kanter, Summer 1999 ) . As the overseer, Bob Carpenter was non of much aid to the principal in set uping and developing a successful civilization of committed members within the organisation. Although important and magnetic, his strong interaction accomplishments, the ability to construct relationships while run intoing with instructors and listening to their concerns when the principal was non supportive, have earned him the regard of the instructors, minimising the authorization of the principal. As the overseer, Bob failed as a function theoretical account, and a wise man to the principal. He came across as holding his ain political docket, showing the deficiency of his leading qualities. Qualities required when constructing a successful organisation. Recommendations for Improvement Inspiring leaders have the ability to turn schools about. On the other manus mediocre leaders can alter the civilization of a school and hinder the patterned advance of successful enterprises that may be ongoing within an organisation driven by its members. â€Å" A civilization of alteration consists of great celerity and nonlinearity, on one manus and every bit great potency for originative discoveries on the other. The paradox is that transmutation would non be possible without attach toing muss † ( Fullan, 2001, p. 31 ) . It is obvious that muss is in the hereafter of Big Mountain. Changes are inevitable, and a complete restructuring of the school is recommended. From the overseer, to principal, to section leaders, and to instructors, all fail to develop a collaborative and cohesive work environment. In the instance, the prostration was initiated from the top-down where is lacked sustainable leading. Hargreaves ( 2009 ) describes five obstructions that impede effectual leading and should be addressed in the restructuring procedure of Big Mountain. The obstructions impede the successful execution of the restructuring when sequence is ill planned, sequence passages are severely managed, sequence is frequently on the incorrect frequence, sequence planning fails to see the emotional facets, and in conclusion sequence is non treated as a systemic job. Sequence in leading is an of import facet when reconstituting an organisation and it is frequently overlooked, weakening the long term alterations for a successful turn-around. Large Mountain could profit of an increased stableness in leading. It was evident that neither the overseer nor the principal were wholly dedicated to the school and its vision. The overseer and the principal could hold been more proactive in edifice and set uping a common vision for the school. Constructing a systemic leading is another of import facet that should be taken into consideration. The overseer should work on developing unfastened lines of communicating with other successful schools in the territory, and develop partnerships with the other schools where information is shared, and thoughts are exchanged leting schools to assist each other and ultimately addition accomplishment. Another recommendation involves the development of a distributed leading and the creative activity of managers for the new leading. Bolman A ; Deal ( 2008 ) depict the human resource frame, where the overseer and the principal would put more accent on constructing personal relationships, and the sc hool would profit from the constitution of an unfastened and true bottom-up leading manner doctrine. Because more and more disposal is comprised of first-time leaders, giving support to new leaders will relieve the emotional emphasis associated with the place. Supplying good back uping managers will assist the new leaders with the troubles that come with the new administrative function. A concluding option is to maintain the position quo of the school. However, without alterations in leading, the instability that exists amongst the staff will stay and will go on to decline. Leadership stableness can be improved by leading sequence, and this may be accomplished by administering successful leaders across schools in the territory and developing a support web that will help overseers, principals and instructors throughout the territory. â€Å" Successful sequence is about turning and linking leading throughout a system, non merely happening the right tantrum for single leaders. † And â€Å" Permanent betterment seldom exists without leading stableness or successful sequence. Effective sequence is a strategic challenge but non an unsurmountable 1 † ( Hargreaves A ; Fink, April 2004 ) . Mentions Bolman, L. G. , A ; Deal, T. E. ( 2008 ) .Reframing organisations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Fullan, M. ( 2001 ) .Leading in a civilization of alteration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hargreaves, A. ( 2009 ) . Leadership Succession and Sustainable Improvement.School Administrator, 66 ( 11 ) , 10-15. Retrieved from ERIC database. Hargreaves, A. , A ; Fink, D. ( April 2004 ) . The Seven Principles of Sustainable Leadership.Educational Leadership, 61 ( 7 ) , 8-13. Kanter, M. ( Summer 1999 ) . The Enduring Skill of Change Leaders.Leader to Leader Journal( 13 ) , 15-22. Smith, B. , A ; Louis, L. ( Winter 1999 ) . Case 2: Changes at Big Mountain High School [ Abstract ] .Journal of Cases in Educational LeadershiP, 2 ( 1 ) , 1-2. Big Mountain High School Case Study Analysis Education Essay Big Mountain High School serves over 1450 pupils in grades 10-12. Large Mountain is the lone high school in the county, and besides the largest high school in the province. Its geographical location is known for its wilderness and beauty. Because of its location it is mostly a rural territory where many of the attending pupils commute more than 30 stat mis every twenty-four hours to have day-to-day direction. The population of the school ranges from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. As evidenced in the instance, 40 % of the pupils will travel on to go toing 4-year colleges, while 20 % of the pupils attend 2-year colleges. For pupils that are non college edge, as an excess educational option, the territory provides them with a vocational plan ( Smith A ; Louis, Winter 1999 ) . The Superintendent of the territory is Mr. Bob Carpenter a indigen of the territory. He has been the overseer for four old ages and he is described as being magnetic, a individual who makes determinations and gets things done. He is extremely respected amongst the instructors and staff because he meets straight with the instructors and listens to what they have to state. Mr. Carpenter is besides described as utilizing a bottom-up leading manner doctrine. The chief Mr. Vogel has held the place for 15 old ages. He is known as being a dedicated manager, candid and carnival to his staff. Mr. Vogel besides adopted a bottom-up leading manner doctrine. Some nevertheless, see him to be â€Å" crusty and impersonal † and even unapproachable. He makes hiring determinations, nominates the section chairs, normally communicates with instructors in short staff meetings, and maintains that disposal has full authorization over the processs and policies in the school. The sections at Big Mountain high school were given entire authorization and liberty as how they distribute the instruction assignments, how course of study and direction is designed and they besides make the determinations on budget allotments. Meetings between the principal and section caputs are non regular events, they normally meet one time every three hebdomads and the meetings are normally really short. Finally, there are the instructors. The territory ranks the highest paid among other territories in the province, supplying the territory with a big pool of extremely qualified appliers. Teachers at Big Mountain command how they teach, have small or no treatments over learning methods, the type of direction, and have small or no input in the determination doing procedure that takes topographic point in the school. Faculty is divided and with really small interdisciplinary engagement. There are several leading issues present in the instance. The major issues revolve around the ability of the leading to expeditiously take the school during a much needed alteration. In the instance of the mandated course of study alteration as required by the province, the treatments of the new course of study raised personal and pedagogical differences amongst the module. If the end of the leading is to further growing and alter the way in which the school is traveling, it would be wise for the leading to take a human resource frame attack as discussed in Bolman A ; Deal, where under the human resource frame, leaders provide and foster equal engagement in the determination devising ( Bolman A ; Deal, 2008 ) . At Big Mountain, the caputs of section have a significant sum of influence and authorization, and are perceived by the module as decision makers and determination shapers. These differences in power have led to a deficiency of interdisciplinary engagement between section caputs and module members where Hargreaves A ; Fink refer to as, traditional power blocks ( Hargreaves A ; Fink, April 2004 ) . This deficiency of interdisciplinary engagement and the misinterpretation of a collaborative leading, as become a top-down hierarchy leading, instead than a sensed bottom-up leading as expressed by the chief Mr. Vogel. It is obvious that the principal in this school will non be developing meaningful relationships with the staff. His neglect for the sentiments of the instructors during his short module meetings, along with his important leading manner resemble what Fullan ( 2001 ) describes as coercive and bossy leading. As the freshly appointed caput for the Language Arts Department, Mr. Chester non merely appointed to the commission merely those who agree with him, he besides restricted the engagement from the instructors that will be implementing the course of study. By making so, he derailed Bolman A ; Deal ‘s model attack, and the construct of the structural frame where the attempts of groups and persons are coordinated, and besides the human resource frame, where affecting others gives them a sense of belonging and ownership ( Bolman A ; Deal, 2008 ) . Even though ab initio the principal shared the determination devising with the commission, he rapidly reversed that determination and decided to do the determinations himself. However, subsequently he decided to name Chester to take the new alterations commission to implement the new course of study. One once more his rushed determination was made without the engagement and the input from the instructors, go forthing it small room to win and showing the deficiency of communicating and alliance edifice, necessary when turn toing alteration ( Kanter, Summer 1999 ) . As the overseer, Bob Carpenter was non of much aid to the principal in set uping and developing a successful civilization of committed members within the organisation. Although important and magnetic, his strong interaction accomplishments, the ability to construct relationships while run intoing with instructors and listening to their concerns when the principal was non supportive, have earned him the regard of the instructors, minimising the authorization of the principal. As the overseer, Bob failed as a function theoretical account, and a wise man to the principal. He came across as holding his ain political docket, showing the deficiency of his leading qualities. Qualities required when constructing a successful organisation. Recommendations for Improvement Inspiring leaders have the ability to turn schools about. On the other manus mediocre leaders can alter the civilization of a school and hinder the patterned advance of successful enterprises that may be ongoing within an organisation driven by its members. â€Å" A civilization of alteration consists of great celerity and nonlinearity, on one manus and every bit great potency for originative discoveries on the other. The paradox is that transmutation would non be possible without attach toing muss † ( Fullan, 2001, p. 31 ) . It is obvious that muss is in the hereafter of Big Mountain. Changes are inevitable, and a complete restructuring of the school is recommended. From the overseer, to principal, to section leaders, and to instructors, all fail to develop a collaborative and cohesive work environment. In the instance, the prostration was initiated from the top-down where is lacked sustainable leading. Hargreaves ( 2009 ) describes five obstructions that impede effectual leading and should be addressed in the restructuring procedure of Big Mountain. The obstructions impede the successful execution of the restructuring when sequence is ill planned, sequence passages are severely managed, sequence is frequently on the incorrect frequence, sequence planning fails to see the emotional facets, and in conclusion sequence is non treated as a systemic job. Sequence in leading is an of import facet when reconstituting an organisation and it is frequently overlooked, weakening the long term alterations for a successful turn-around. Large Mountain could profit of an increased stableness in leading. It was evident that neither the overseer nor the principal were wholly dedicated to the school and its vision. The overseer and the principal could hold been more proactive in edifice and set uping a common vision for the school. Constructing a systemic leading is another of import facet that should be taken into consideration. The overseer should work on developing unfastened lines of communicating with other successful schools in the territory, and develop partnerships with the other schools where information is shared, and thoughts are exchanged leting schools to assist each other and ultimately addition accomplishment. Another recommendation involves the development of a distributed leading and the creative activity of managers for the new leading. Bolman A ; Deal ( 2008 ) depict the human resource frame, where the overseer and the principal would put more accent on constructing personal relationships, and the sc hool would profit from the constitution of an unfastened and true bottom-up leading manner doctrine. Because more and more disposal is comprised of first-time leaders, giving support to new leaders will relieve the emotional emphasis associated with the place. Supplying good back uping managers will assist the new leaders with the troubles that come with the new administrative function. A concluding option is to maintain the position quo of the school. However, without alterations in leading, the instability that exists amongst the staff will stay and will go on to decline. Leadership stableness can be improved by leading sequence, and this may be accomplished by administering successful leaders across schools in the territory and developing a support web that will help overseers, principals and instructors throughout the territory. â€Å" Successful sequence is about turning and linking leading throughout a system, non merely happening the right tantrum for single leaders. † And â€Å" Permanent betterment seldom exists without leading stableness or successful sequence. Effective sequence is a strategic challenge but non an unsurmountable 1 † ( Hargreaves A ; Fink, April 2004 ) . Mentions Bolman, L. G. , A ; Deal, T. E. ( 2008 ) .Reframing organisations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Fullan, M. ( 2001 ) .Leading in a civilization of alteration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hargreaves, A. ( 2009 ) . Leadership Succession and Sustainable Improvement.School Administrator, 66 ( 11 ) , 10-15. Retrieved from ERIC database. Hargreaves, A. , A ; Fink, D. ( April 2004 ) . The Seven Principles of Sustainable Leadership.Educational Leadership, 61 ( 7 ) , 8-13. Kanter, M. ( Summer 1999 ) . The Enduring Skill of Change Leaders.Leader to Leader Journal( 13 ) , 15-22. Smith, B. , A ; Louis, L. ( Winter 1999 ) . Case 2: Changes at Big Mountain High School [ Abstract ] .Journal of Cases in Educational LeadershiP, 2 ( 1 ) , 1-2.

Economic downturn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWOT analysis - Essay Example This is followed by analyzing the internal and external factors that complement achieving of these objectives as well those which hinder achievement of the same objectives. It therefore gives business leaders a sense of direction and changes which need to be made to achieve the set business objectives. A business stands a better chance of success if they do understand the opportunities which exist in a particular market segment. A company can also exploit the weakness of a competitor n meeting market demand. At the same time a SWOT analysis can help a company avoid a saturated market or taking on an established competitor (Snelling, 2012). A detailed SWOT analysis helps a company identify potential hazards before entering a market. This is crucial in laying strategies to overcome these risks. These risks include those that a business entity has no direct control over such as the economy, forex rates or government policy. It is always the goal of any business to increase profitability while reducing costs. Identifying the strengths of a business helps in optimal allocation of resources (Snelling, 2012). For example the company can know how much it should spend on advertising, public relations activities as well as social responsibility depending on its position in the market it operates. Conducting a SWOT analysis helps a company identify vulnerable areas in its operations which can be used by competitors to their advantage. Identifying these weak points helps a company lay contingency plans to improve and deter external threats by competitors. The first step involves assembling the SWOT team and setting the SMART objectives which need to be achieved by conducting the SWOT. The objectives of course should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound (Ferrell & Hartline, 2012). For example a SWOT analysis can be about expanding to a new market or starting a new product line. The second step is understanding the business

Marketing analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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History of western civilization - Essay Example as in the filmmaking industry, movies released with historical themes often require consultation with experts on a field of study such as theologians or scientists. The knowledge coming from these specialists reflect chiefly in the film so that it becomes filled with a body of ideas which altogether makes an object of interest for historians who would like to conduct thorough research on a subject matter. Apparently, â€Å"The Prince of Egypt† may be claimed to bear positive impact on studies pertaining to Egyptian societies. Besides its biblical context, it richly illustrates a civilization of Egypt that is governed by a pharaoh’s strict decree. By examining the role of a pharaoh as a leader and his relations with the subjects, one may ascertain the degree to which the Egyptian society is shaped at the time according to the ancient religion, economy, and political system prevailing in Egypt as well as the response and behavior of its people. Depending on the circumstances and reactions involved during the presentation of historical narrative by popular media, it may generate either favorable or unfavorable impression to the point that the story, being part of the nation’s history, is heavily criticized. Normally, the sensation which criticisms create tends to rouse racial discrimination or social injustice if the popular media fails to include significant details. On the other hand, a responsible media despite popularity may also function as a tool of learning the truth about a nation’s historical events. It seems common for Western movies to project themes that appeal to the senses of a greater majority so that producers of the West profit hugely upon market expansion. However, if the movie’s production were to be non-Western by nature, then its contents would have followed a certain perspective of origin in terms of theological history which agrees well with scholarly

What does it mean to speak of a United Kingdom Is there such a thing Essay

What does it mean to speak of a United Kingdom Is there such a thing as British nationalism - Essay Example In the contemporary period, United Kingdom is an example of the same idea, different countries including Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales united themselves on cultural and national grounds under a sovereign state, that is, the United Kingdom (Bowden 2007). United Kingdom is a symbol of a cultural union, whereas British nationalism is being discriminated among Welsh, Scottish, Irish and English on the basis of their national ideologies. After the nineteenth century, the concept of liberalism democracy overwhelmed nationalism. The ambiguity among these four countries under British nationalism is a major controversial issue that has been debated over period (Aughey, 2001). This paper briefs about United Kingdom and British Nationality. It further argues British Nationality with its relation to England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales’s nationalist views. United Kingdom is a combination of four countries sharing similar language, culture, and legal system. It is located in the nor thwest of the European continent, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It comprises of regions of the northeastern part of Ireland, Island of Britain and other small islands. It mainly consists of four countries, that is, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Nairm 2010). ... People belonging to the region share similar cultures, values and legal systems. The term United Kingdom is often used as a synonym for Great Britain, geographically England. United Kingdom is a sovereign state that includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, sharing British ethnicity, with respect to Ireland it has been controversial (Nairm 2010). These four countries share economical, political and cultural integrity on national grounds. These countries share political concordance on under the constitutional monarchy, headed by Queen Elizabeth II (McEwen 2012). While speaking of United Kingdom, It comes to our understanding that four independent countries unite themselves under a sovereign state to protect their national interests; therefore they shall share British Nationalism (Jenkin 2012). The transformation of democratic trends has created discrimination among these countries with respect to their national ideology. British Nationalism asserts a sense of unity among the nations and promotes their cultural unity. It defines that the ‘Britishness’ includes people from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland share similar cultural identity and are declared as British descendants (Jenkin 2012). The concept of British nationalism aims to closely associate and strength political links between British Isles (McEwen 2012). British nationalism is the political movement that was established after World War II, it aims to protect British Empire that has been suppressed during 1960s and 1970s (Bowden 2007). The main emphasis of the British nationalism is to protect and strength political interests that were suppressed in the past (McEwen 2012). British nationalism is influenced by historical experiences, the dark events

Paper on Skunk species (Memphitis Memphitis) Research

On Skunk species (Memphitis Memphitis) - Research Paper Example Hooded Skunk (Mephitis macroura). Among these five species of skunks, the striped skunks are the largest. Striped skunks weigh up to fourteen pounds and are about the size of a house cat. They have a stout body, small head, short legs with webbed toes and a bushy tail. The thick, glossy fur is black in color with a thin white stripe down the centre of the face and a broad white stripe beginning on the back of the head which usually divides into two stripes continuing along the back. The long, bushy tail is a mixture of white and black hair. The legs have long, straight claws which they use for digging and ripping apart things as they search for food. Male striped skunks are somewhat bigger than their female counterparts. The skunk has small eyes and ears. Although it can not see well, it has a good sense of smell and hearing. Habitat and Habits The striped skunks are adaptable but prefer open areas of mixed forests and grasslands. They generally live in the abandoned dens of woodchuc ks, foxes or other mammals of similar or larger size and only occasionally excavate their own dens (Encyclopedia Britannica). Since they have very little fear of humans they often inhabit developed areas and nest in houses, walls, basements, culverts and beneath buildings, wood and rock piles. The striped skunks are usually not more than two miles away from water. Although striped skunks can dig their own dens, they seem to prefer moving into ones constructed by other animals. These dens may have one to five well-hidden openings that lead to a system of tunnels and chambers (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point). They line one of the chambers with leaves and use it as a nest. The leaves are also used to plug the openings to the den during cold weather. A skunk gathers leaves by placing them under its body and then shuffling along to the den with the leaves held between its legs as it moves. Skunks are primarily nocturnal i.e., they are active at night and usually solitary animals. However, mother skunks can often be noticed with their offspring in tow. Skunks leave their den to rummage for food at any hour of the day. However, they are usually away from late afternoon or evening through the night. They usually move within a radius of about 800 m from the den looking for food but may go as far away as 2 km in a night (University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point). Males become more active during the breeding season and can travel as much as 8 km in a night. Adaptation Skunks are active throughout the year but go into a state of torpor inside their dens during the coldest spells of winter (Welcome Wildlife). They prepare for the winter by going on eating binges in the fall and developing a heavy layer of fat and a thick coat. Unlike hibernation, which involves significant drop in body temperature and considerably slow heart rate wherein the creature takes only about one or two breaths per minute, striped skunks go into sporadic groggy sleep intermittent with periods o f active and awake time. Studies have shown that the heart rate, body temperature and respiration of skunks drop only a little. Skunks take long torpor naps in their dens and come out to empty their scent glands and look for food when the temperature becomes warm even slightly.

The Analysis of Pips Characteristics Essay Example for Free

The Analysis of Pips Characteristics Essay The Analysis of Pip’s Characteristics Great Expectations is a novel,written by Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens is one of the great novelists in Britain. Born in a poor family,Dickens gains a great popularity by producing many excellent novels and becomes rich in his life. The story tells that the growth process of Pip. Pip, a poor, uneducated boy, is suddenly told that he can achieve his great expectations one day. From that day on, he changes a lot both in thoughts and behaviors. He is ashamed of inferior people. However, when he knows who makes him rich and educated, he feels frustrated. After that, he experiences a lot and he leads a new life. The analysis of Pip’s chracteristics: 1. the childhood of Pip Pip lives in a poor family. His parents died when he is a baby. Pip is raised by his sister ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€Miss Joe Gargery, a harsh and unkind woman. Miss Joe Gargery always gives less food than Pip really needs. What’s worse, she often beats Pip with a stick. Most people except Joe, is just like Pip’s sister—treating him badly. Joe ,a blacksmith and uneducated man, is a friend of Pip. Joe often help Pip and cares about Pip very much. Pip grows under the environment. But he is still innocent, kind boy. Once, Pip was afraid, but still helped a convict and brought him some food. 2. the adolescence of Pip (1)the period before Pip goes to London Pip is hired by Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham, an old lady with white hair, always wears the wedding dress which is yellow with years. She was cheated by a bad man—Compenson and doesn’t believe true love. She has an adopted girl—Estella, and mades her hurt other men, including Pip. After Estella’s leaving for France, Pip becomes Joe’s apprentice and learns to be a blacksmith and learns some wrings which is taught by Biddy. In this process, Pip has a desire to learn. He wants to be a gentleman. He thinks that only in that way can he match with Estella. (2)the period when Pip is in London One day, Pip is told he can go to London to achieve educations by an unknown man. Besides, he can get too much money in the future. He thinks his great expectations can come true. The people around him treat him politely, such as Mr. Pumberchook who didn’t like Pip and fawns on Pip. That makes Pip believe that being rich is good. When Pip is in London, he spends too much money on luxiries. Instead of being a true gentleman, he becomes snobbish and thinks money is almighty. He shows excessive adorations towards money. He even feels ashame of Joe, because Joy doesn’t read. 3. the period after Pip knows the truth One day, Magwitch, the convict Pip helped in his childhood, risks his life to meet Pip and tells Pip that it is Magwitch that helps Pip becomes what he is now. Pip feels surprised, frustrated and regretted. He doesn’t see any hope of his great expectations. However, he becomes a more pleasant man—a man who is happy to help others. He helps Herbert run a new business. He also helps Magwitch out of trouble, although Magwitch is caught by the police. On a whole, Pip becomes mature and kind. He knows what he really want and what he shoud do. 4. the causes of Pip’s characteristics (1)Environment affects Pip’s characteristics The surrounding people , their attitudes or behaviors affect Pip. When everyone is in the same position, either foolish or ignorant, he can realize nothing is wrong. Because he never knows that. But once he meets someone who is better or richer than him, he feels ashamed of himself. 2)Joe’s and Magwitch’s love revives Pip’s kindheartedness Joe always loves Pip no matter what position Pip is. Magwitch uses the money he earns in Australia by hard working to make Pip educated, only because Pip helped him long long ago. So, when Pip realizes love , not the other things ,is important, he becomes kindhearted. 5. the lesson from Pip The environment can affect people, but it is not crucial, if one can face up to the trouble and trys to change it and resolve it. What matters is that one knows what to do and what not to do. The future is within his own hands. True love can revolve love.

Techniques For Invitro Pharmacology Lab Report Biology Essay

Techniques For Invitro Pharmacology Lab Report Biology Essay Schild plot: Schild plot is defined as pharmacological method of receptor classification. By using schild plot dose-effect curve for an agonist is determined in the presence of various concentrations of a competitive antagonist for its receptor in the presence of agonist i.e. equilibrium dissociation constant is calculated. The experiment is carried out for series of dose ratios for a given effect. For example the ratio of the dose of agonist (A) to produce a specific effect (e.g.,  half maximal effect) in the presence of the antagonist (B) to the dose required in the absence of the antagonist (A) is calculated. This is determined for several doses of antagonist and then log ((A/A) -1) versus the negative log B is plotted.   If the regression of log ((A/A) -1) on -log B is linear with a slope of -1, then this indicates that the antagonism is competitive and by definition the agonist and antagonist act at the same recognition sites. If the slope of the regression is not -1, then b y definition the antagonist is not competitive or some other condition is in effect. This might include multiple binding sites or pharmacokinetic interactions. Agonist: Agonist is a drug which has both affinity and efficacy. Antagonist: Antagonist is a drug which has affinity and zero efficacy. Affinity:  Affinity is a property of a drug; it measures how tight a drug binds to a receptor. To bind to a receptor a functional group of the drug should bind to the complementary receptor. The binding capacity of the drug defines the action of the drug. Efficacy: Efficacy of a drug can be defined as ability of drug which activates the receptor to produce desired effect after binding. Affinity and efficacy are explained in the equation as: K+1 ÃŽ ± A + R AR* Response K-1 ÃŽ ² K+1 B + R BR No Response K-1 Where A is agonist, B is antagonist, K+1 is association rate constant for binding, K-1is dissociation rate constant for binding ÃŽ ±- Association rate constant for activation ÃŽ ²- Dissociation rate constant for activation By using law of mass action affinity is explained as B + R BR Drug free receptor drug-receptor complex At equilibrium KB = [R] [B] KB = Equilibrium dissociation constant [BR] Hill-Langmuir equation: this equation explains drug occupancy [RT] = [R] + [BR] If [RT] = Total number of receptors then by substituting this in law of mass action equation [RB] = [B] [RT] KB + [B] By this equation it is determined that drug occupancy (affinity) depends on drug concentration and equilibrium dissociation constant. Equilibrium dissosciation constant: EQUILIBRIUM DISSOCIATION CONSTANT (Kd) : It is the characteristic property of the drug and the receptors. It is defined as the concentration of the drug required to occupy 50 % of the receptors. The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptors lower is the Kd value. Mathematically Kd is k2/k1 where k2 is the rate of dissociation of the drug from the receptor and k1 is the rate of association of the drug for the receptor. Receptor (R) and Drug (D) interact in a reversible manner to form a drug-receptor (RD) complex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where R =   Receptor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D =   Drug (L for ligand is sometimes used in these equations)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  k1 = the association rate constant and has the units of M-1min-1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  k2 = the dissociation rate constant and has the units of min-1.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  k2 is sometimes written as k-1. If an agonist binds to the receptor, then the interaction of the agonist (D) and the receptor (R) results in a conformational change in the receptor leading to a response. If an antagonist binds to the receptor, then the interaction of antagonist (D) and receptor (R) does not result in the appropriate conformation change in the receptor and a response does not occur. For drugs that follow the law of simple mass action the rate of formation of the complex can be defined by the following equation d[RD]/dt refers to the change in the concentration of [RD] with time (t). Note: the square brackets refer to concentration. This equation indicates that the rate at which the drug receptor complex (RD) is formed is proportional to the concentration of both free receptor (R) and free drug (D). The proportionality constant is k1. The rate of dissociation can be defined by the following equation -d[RD]/dt is the decrease in drug-receptor complex with time This equation indicates that the rate at which the drug-receptor complex (RD) dissociates back to free drug and free receptor is proportional to the concentration of the drug receptor complex. The proportionality constant is k2. When the drug and the receptor are initially mixed together, the amount of drug-receptor complex formed will exceed the dissociation of the drug-receptor complex. If the reaction is allowed to go for a long enough, the amount of drug-receptor complex formed per unit time will be equal to the number of dissociations of drug-receptor complex per unit of time, and the system will be at equilibrium. That is equilibrium has occurred.    Equilibrium can be defined as or k1[R][D] = k2[RD] This equation can be rearranged to give By definition Kd is the dissociation equilibrium constant. Kd has units of concentration as shown in the following equation. Simple competitive antagonism: simple competitive antagonism is the most important type of the antagonism. In this type of antagonism the antagonist will compete with available agonist for same receptor site. Sufficient antagonist will displace agonist resulting in lower frequency of receptor activation. Presence of antagonist shifts agonist log dose response curve to right. A schild plot for a competitive antagonist will have a slope equal to 1 and the X-intercept and Y-intercept will each equal the  dissociation constant  of the antagonist. This can be explained in equation as: Occupancy for agonist [RA] = [A] OR [A]/ KA [RT] KA+ [A] [A]/ KA +1 In presence of competitive antagonist (B) [RA] = [A]/ KA [RT] [A]/ KA + [B]/ KB + 1 Occupancy reduced according to [B] and KB To obtain same occupancy, must increase [A] to [A`] r = [A] / [A] = [B] / [B] Schild equation: r = [B] / KB +1 Where r depends on [B] and KB Applying log on both sides log (r-1) = log[B] log KB Aim: The main aim of the experiment is to measure the equilibrium dissociation constant (KB) for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors and to determine the drug receptor interactions. Objectives The main objectives of the experiment are as follows To measure the equilibrium dissociation constant for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors To demonstrate the reversible competitive antagonism of atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors To determine the equilibrium dissociation constant (KB) for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors by using schild plot. Method Isolation and mounting of Guinea-pig ileum in organ bath Guinea-pig was first sacrificed and then the ileum was collected and transferred into physiological salt solution maintained at 370C. The food particles present in the ileum was expelled out through running Krebs solution through the lumen. Then tissue was tied with a thread at both the ends where one was tied to the mounting hook and the other was attached to the transducer. Preparation of serial dilutions of drug The drugs used in the experiment were acetylcholine (Ach) and atropine. To determine the simple competitive antagonism of atropine at Ach muscuranic receptors serial dilutions of Ach were carried out. Ach was given as 110-2M and from the above concentration of the drug the following concentrations were prepared to the organ bath concentration such as 110-6M, 310-6M, 110-7M, 310-7M, 110-8M, 310-8M, 110-9M and 310-9M Ach. Then atropine was diluted to 110-8M (organ bath) from the given 110-2M concentration. Determination of Organ bath concentration The volume of physiological salt solution (pss) was 20 ml, and each time the volume of drug introduced into organ bath was 20 µl.Therefore if 20 µl of 110-2M drug was introduced into the organ bath then it gives 110-5M organ bath concentration. Mathematical calculation of organ bath concentration: In organ bath we have 20ml of pss which is equal to 20103  µl of pss, if 20  µl of 110-2 M Ach was introduced then the organ bath concentration 20 µl→XM 20ml→10-2M = 20  µl x 10-2 M 20x 103  µl = 110-5M (organ bath concentration). The isolated guinea- pig ileum was mounted onto the organ bath and set up for recording isometric tension of the tissue using chart software in a Mac book. Step-1 Calibration of the experimental apparatus: The chart 5 software was calibrated and the sampling rate was adjusted to 10 samples per second with a maximum input voltage to 10 mV. The baseline was set to zero and then trace was started from the baseline zero then the force transducer was calibrated by placing 1 gram weight and after the calibration the trace produced was stopped for the moment to convert the units of tension into grams by selecting the trace produced previously. Step-2 Sensitisation of preparation: To check the viability of the tissue a response of suitable height was obtained by adding a little high concentration of the drug. Here in the experiment an appreciable recording was noted at 110-7M Ach. Step-3 The time cycle followed to construct a concentration- response curve was 0 seconds to add the drug concentrations 30 seconds to empty the organ bath and refill with fresh physiological salt solution 180 seconds next drug concentration was added to the organ bath. Concentration Response Curve: By making use of the above drug concentrations a concentration response curve was constructed according to the provided time cycle. 20  µl of 110-9M Ach was added into the organ bath at zero seconds at is allowed to stand for 30 seconds, then after 30 seconds the organ bath was emptied and refilled with pss. Pss was allowed to stand for 180 seconds. During the wash period if the peak does not return to the base then it was washed twice or thrice to make sure that all the drug dissociates from the receptors before the next addition of the other drug concentration. Each concentration was repeated twice or thrice until the two consecutive responses were reported with the same peak height. By following the procedure and time cycle, the concentration response curve was constructed with different concentrations of acetyl choline such as 110-9M,310-9M, 110-8M, 310-8M, 110-7M, 310-7M, 110-6M and 310-6M Ach (organ bath concentration). Step-4 Equilibration of Acetylcholine receptors with acetylcholine After step-2 the preparation was washed several times until the peak returned to the base line. Then atropine (110-8M organ bath concentration) was added to the preparation and then set aside for 40 minutes to allow atropine to equilibrate with acetylcholine muscuranic receptors. Step-5 Concentration response curve in the presence of atropine The concentration response curve with acetylcholine was repeated again in the presence of atropine by following the time cycle and procedure, which was same as same step 2.Therefore in step 3 with each addition of acetylcholine concentration atropine was added simultaneously. Step-6 Analysis: The graph pad prism in the Mac book was used to plot concentration response curves in the absence and presence of atropine. Log concentration (acetylcholine) Vs response in grams From the above plot EC 50 values of acetylcholine in the presence and absence of atropine were obtained. Then the distance between the two curves control and response for the atropine presence was denoted by r, where r was called as shift. The shift was calculated mathematically as r= EC 50 of response in the presence of atropine EC 50 of Ach in the absence of atropine From the value of the shift, schild plot was plotted as log concentration of atropine presence against log(r-1). From the schild plot the dissociation constant KB for atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors was determined. Results: As explained above in the procedure serial dilutions of acetylcholine was added to the organ bath, where Ach has produced concentration dependent contractions of the guinea pig ileum as shown in the fig 1. Figure: 1 Trace showing contractions produced by serial dilutions of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptors. As shown in Figure 1 the serial dilutions of acetylcholine are added into the organ bath from 110-7M to 310-6M Ach. Here in the trace it was clearly shown that contractions produced by the acetylcholine have been increased with respect to the concentrations. In step-2 the preparation was washed and added with 110-8M atropine and set aside for 40 minutes to equilibrate the acetylcholine receptors. Figure: 2 Trace showing contractions produced by serial dilutions of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptors in the presence of atropine. In the trace it is clearly shown that, the contractions produced by serial dilutions of Ach from 110-8M to 310-4M in the presence of 110-8M atropine. When Trace 1 and Trace 2 are compared it is evident that the contractions produced by Ach alone (trace 1) were greater than the contractions produced Ach in the presence of atropine (trace 2) which proves the simple competitive antagonism by atropine at muscuranic receptors. A graph is plotted to the log concentration response curve produced by Ach alone against Ach in the presence of atropine. (graph is attatched to the report) From the graph it is known that with the increase in the concentration of Ach, response have been increased when compared to Ach in the presence of atropine and also there is a shift towards right which shows the simple competitive antagonism produced by atropine. From the results produced by Ach alone against Ach in the presence of atropine the fractional difference which is called as shift can be obtained as follows Mathematical Calculation shift r = EC50 of response after atropine (or) in the presence of atropine EC50 of control (or) Ach in the absence of atropine = 2.5110-6 = 8.36 3.0 x10-7 r-1 =8.36 -1=7.36 log(r-1)=log (7.36) =0.86 Partial dissociation constant (PKB) or PA2 is measured to confirm the simple competitive antagonism, where pKB values play an important role in classifying receptors. Therefore PKB =log(r-1) -log [atropine] =0.86 -log (110-8) =0.86 (-8) =0.86+ 8 =8.86 From the above results log EC50 values for control (Ach alone) and Ach in the presence of atropine were given as 3.0e-007 and 2.51e-006 respectively. This shows the molar concentration of Ach which produces 50% of the maximal possible response is higher than the molar concentration response produced by Ach in the presence of atropine. Figure 5: (Graph2) Schild plot If the antagonist is competitive, the dose ratio equals one plus the ratio of the concentration of antagonist divided by its Kd for the receptor. (The dissociation constant of the antagonist is sometimes called Kb and sometimes called Kd) A simple rearrangement gives: Here we have plotted a graph with log (antagonist) on the X-axis and log (dose ratio -1) on the Y-axis. If the antagonist has shown simple competitive antagonism then the slope should be 1.0, X-intercept and Y-intercept values should be both equal the Kd of the antagonist obtained. If the agonist and antagonist are competitive, the Schild plot will have a slope of 1.0 and the X intercept will equal the logarithm of the Kd of the antagonist. If the X-axis of a Schild plot is plotted as log(molar), then minus one times the intercept is called the pA2 (p for logarithm, like pH; A for antagonist; 2 for the dose ratio when the concentration of antagonist equals the pA2). The pA2 (derived from functional experiments) will equal the Kd from binding experiments if antagonist and agonist compete for binding to a single class of receptor sites. Figure 6: (table 2) Results for Schild Plot. From Figure 5 and 6 it is evident that no concentrations of atropine have showed competitive antagonism perfectly. Therefore from the above results it is known that the concentrations of atropine has not shown simple competitive antagonism fairly. Discussion: Reversible competitive antagonism: The binding of drug to a receptor is fully reversible which produces a parallel shift of the dose response curve to the right in the presence of an antagonist. The mechanism of action of acetylcholine at muscuranic receptors: In various gastrointestinal smooth muscles, acetylcholine and its derivatives produce contractions by activating muscuranic receptors. It is generally assumed that the M3 muscuranic receptor plays a key role in mediating this activity. The M3 receptor is coupled preferentially to Gq-type G proteins, resulting in the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and the formation of ionositiol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) which are likely to participate in muscuranic receptor-mediated smooth muscle contractions. IP3 causes Ca2+ release from intracellular store and can also mobilize Ca2+ secondarily through Ca2+-sensitive or store-dependent mechanisms. DAG, via activation of protein kinase C, phosphorylates various proteins and can directly activate non selective cationic channels. Figure 7: Diagrammatic representation of calcium and smooth muscle contraction. From the above results the value of shift obtained was 0.378 which denotes the simple competitive antagonism produced by the concentration of atropine used (110-8 M).From the value of shift the pKB value was calculated as 8.4.If atropine has shown simple competitive antagonism then the value of pKB should be equal to 1-X intercept. Therefore pKB=1-X intercept =1-(-8.86) =9.86 We got value of pKB as 8.86.Therefore pKB is not equal to 1-X intercept. Therefore the concentration of atropine (110-8M organ bath concentration) used by our group has not shown simple competitive antagonism effectively. The literature value of pKB is given as approximately 9 and we have obtained the value of pKB as 8.86 which does not fit with literature value. Therefore from the above observations and results i can conclude that a little more high concentration of atropine may serve to produce complete simple competitive antagonism by atropine at acetylcholine muscuranic receptors.

The Importance of Fear in Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Importance of Fear in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Fear plays an important role in Shakespeare's tragic play, Hamlet. Within the play, the main character, Hamlet, attempts to overcome his fear and fulfill his father's revenge. Hamlet's apprehension toward death prevents him from carrying out the murder of Claudius. Although confrontation with death is avoided for as long as possible, Hamlet comes to recognize his weakness, and faces this anxiety.    Displaying an 'antic disposition', Hamlet first attempts to side step his trepidation by feigning madness. After meeting with his fathers proposed ghost, Hamlet attempts to distance himself from the thought or evidence of death. Hamlet notifies his friends, Marcellus and Horatio, of his plan to distract the kingdom from his real intentions. Although Hamlet proposes this as a way to fool those in Denmark, in the last lines of his meeting with Horatio and Marcellus, he curses that this revenge be placed upon him. This is the first indication of Hamlets reluctance to perform murder. Hamlet then returns to Claudius and Gertrude, at the castle, and acts out his madness for them and for the visitor, Polonius.   Upon speaking to Polonius, Polonius picks up upon Hamlets 'madness', yet decides that this unnatural nature is because if Ophelia's behavior toward Hamlet. Indication of Hamlets fear is presented when Polonius asks leave of the prince. Hamlet then states that Polonius can take any thing from him, anything but his life. Hamlet repeats thrice this idea of taking anything 'except [his] life.' Not only does this indicate how compulsive Hamlets fake insanity is becoming, but how afraid he is of dying. During the 'To be or not to be' soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates his view of death. As he go... ...nd bear the 'burden' of his fathers retribution.  Ã‚  Ã‚      Sources Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 1-10. Danson, Lawrence. "Tragic Alphabet." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. "Hamlet: A Document in Madness." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Goldman, Michael. "Hamlet and Our Problems." Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Hamlet. Ed. David Scott Kaston. New York City: Prentice Hall International. 1995. 43-55 Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128   

Madcap Case Analysis Essay -- Marketing Management

Madcap Case Analysis Problem Definition: Considering 4 elements of the marketing mix and the case discussion of the general trends in the industry, it seems that MCB is experiencing problem with place and determining its target market. The case provides many examples of the company's difficulties in gaining more retail locations, maintaining sufficient inventory level, and, the most important, improper positioning of its product, which impeded the MCB to reach its potential customers. Key Facts: 95% of beer was distributed through a three-tier system: producer - wholesaler - retailer. Since there were about 6 thousand brands and the retails stores could only carry forty - fifty brands, it was quite difficult to persuade distributors to deal with the MCB products. However, the distinct packing drove much of distributors' attention to Zebra beer. According to the case, the problem with production was the lead time. Due to the timing in supply of the painted bottles and the lengthy brewing process, the company could not provide beer to their distributors at any time they needed it. The company could not afford to distribute its product to other states than Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana because bottle taxes and shipping costs would eat up all the profit. It was noticed that if the beer is displayed in a refrigerator or a cold box, the sales were higher so the company was willing to double the commission for distributors if they could place Zebra in cold boxes The beer brands were classified as popular, premium, super premium, and ultra-premium. The distinguishing factor determining if brands belonged to different classes was whether beer was produced by four largest companies (Anheuser-... ... other hand, exploring new areas to distribute Zebra, the company might potentially run into a situation described by Rob Daumeyer from Cincinnati Business Courier. According to the article, when Madcap introduced its three types of beer, they ."..were caught short when they discovered Heidelberg Distributing Co. ordered 6000 cases as an introduction." (Daumeyer 1) They did not expect such popularity and could not effectively handle it. Bibliography: Daumeyer, Rob. "Beware of Too Much Business" Cincinnati Business Courier (June 1996): 9pars. 28 June 1996 Mullins, John W., et al. Marketing Management. 5th Edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2002 Rosental, David W., Twells, Richard T. Madcap Craftbrew & Bottleworks, Inc.: Zebra Beer - It's Not All Black and White. Miami University, 1999

Splash Pages can be a Good Addition to Your Website :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Splash Pages can be a Good Addition to Your Website The first question a beginning web developer should ask him or herself when designing a splash page for the website is not what image to use, but should a splash page be created in the first place. A splash page is â€Å"a branding page before the home page of your Web site† (O’Rourke). While this page can be good and serve as â€Å"gateways into web content† (â€Å"Internet Marketing Glossary†), one may choose not to use a splash page. Such a page can detract from the professionalism of the site; if a person or company wants to appear professional and wants the website to portray this, a splash page can ruin this desire. To seem professional, the rule in most cases is the simpler, the better, and a splash page does not simplify websites. In fact, these pages can be slow and add an additional step in the viewer’s process of arriving at the actual homepage. Designers of websites must keep in mind that viewers often decide in a matter of seconds wheth er they will stay at that site or not, and splash pages, if done incorrectly, can waste this time (Kyrnin). However, splash pages can be a good addition to a website. They gain immediate responses from the viewer, which can entice the viewer to enter the site. Also, if the designer is particularly proud of some graphic, animation, or other object that he/she has created, the splash page can be a good method to display this work. Similarly, it shows the designer’s skills with technology – a splash page that includes an original animated graphic tells the viewer that the designer not only can create websites, but can create animation. If the web developer does in fact want a splash page for the website, there are several issues to be discussed. First and foremost should be relevance. If the splash page shows a design of a political cartoon, the viewer would assume that the page is a political satire page, or at least a page related to politics. So if a viewer decides that, based on the splash page, he/she will continue on to view a site about politics, he/she would be upset and confused to see a site about guitars. The splash page sets the mood for the rest of the website, so designers should make sure that the appropriate mood is set.

Claude Monet Research Paper Essay

Claude Oscar Monet was born on November 14, 1840 in Paris France, His father was a wholesale grocer and ship chandler which is how he provided for the family. Monet’s father and mother decided to move to Le Harve in 1845(Seitz, Pg 2). By the young age of 15 years old, Monet received a reputation as being a great caricature artist (Biography. com). The year 1857 was a tough period for Monet, because his mother died (Seitz, Pg 5). Two years after his mother’s death, Monet moved to Paris against his father’s wished to pursue a career in painting. While in Paris, Monet entered the the Swiss Academy of painting and became inspired by the work of Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, and Charles Daubigny (Biography. com). In 1860, Monet gets the honor of meeting Camille Pissarro and Gustave Courbet. It was during this time that Monet decided to take a break from painting and join the army in Algeria from 1860 to 1862. After serving his time in the army, Monet picked up right where he left off and started painting again. In 1865, Monet’s painting are submitted for the first time to the official salon where Camille Dondeux who was Monet’s lady friend at the time was featured in one of Monet’s paintings to be put on display(giverny. org). Monet’s first son Jean Monet was born in 1867 while he was in Sainte Adresse. One year after the birth of his son, Monet tried to commit suicide, shortly after his failed attempt at suicide, Monet receive a pension for this painting Mr Grauibert. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet and Camille took refuge in England in September 1870. While there, Monet studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet’s innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet’s works were refused authorization for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition. In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in the Netherlands, where he made twenty-five paintings. He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In 1871, Monet’s father died and Monet returned to France. Monet lived in Argenteuil from December 1871 to 1878, Argenteuil was a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday outing destination for Parisians this was the area where Monet painted some of his best known works. In 1874, Monet returned to Holland. It was during this time that Monet became recognized as one of the most honored and talented artist among the French painters because he was brilliantly successful in achieving the impression of a fresh view of nature (Seitz, Pg 9). This was a huge honor to Monet, because he himself described his paintings as Metaphysical naturalism in which he states â€Å"I am simply expending my efforts upon a maximum of appearances in close correlation with unknown realities. When one is on the plane of concordant appearances one cannot be far from reality, or at least what we know of it†¦. Your error is to wish to reduce the world to your measure, whereas, by enlarging your knowledge of things, you will find your knowledge of self enlarged. †(Seitz, pg 46) In 1874, Monet exhibits†Impression:Sunrise† at the first Impressionist exhibition in the studio of Nadar. Monet’s second son Michel Monet was born in 1878 and the family settles at vetheuil in the company of the Hoschede family(giverny. org). Monet’s wife Camille dies in 1879, two years after her death Monet and his sons move to Poissy. In 1883, Monet rents a house at Giverny which is where he would end up staying for the next 43 years(Arnold, Pg 16) Monet marries Alice Hoschede in 1892 and also paints the Rouen Cathedral series. Monet painted several views of the views of the Japanese bridge, during this time he took several trips to London to work on and paint views of the Thames(Arnold, Pg 20). In 1914, Monet had to suffer through the loss of another wife this time Alice Hoschede. Heartbreak would continue to follow Monet when his eldest son Jean died three years after Alice in 1914. During the years of 1916 to 1926, Monet worked on the twelve large canvas, The Water Lilies, which he offered to donate to France where the paintings were installed in an architectural space designed for them at the museum of the Orangerie in Paris France. Monet died of lung cancer on December the 5th in 1926 at the age of 86 and was buried in the Giverny church cemetery. Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony(Arnold, Pg 25) His famous home, garden and water lily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, who was Monet’s only heir, and to the French Academy of Fine Arts in 1966(Giverny. org). Through the Foundation Claude Monet, the house and gardens were opened for visit in 1980, following restoration. In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints. The house is one of the two main attractions of Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world. In conclusion, Monet was one of the most known and respected French Impressionist artist in the world, who went through several ups and downs in his long career of painting. Monet created many pieces of artwork, but for most people his best painting was the â€Å" Impression, Sunrise† painting which earned Monet the title â€Å"The father of the movement† and also the title and honor of being named the founder of the movement of Impressionist

The Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship: The American Dream

I have always been fascinated by the concept of the â€Å"American Dream†. Even if, nowadays, this concept is more and more criticize because some people believe that the structure of American society doesn’t follow anymore the idealistic goal of the â€Å"American Dream†, providing example such as inequality in class or race which suggest that the â€Å"American Dream† is not attainable for all. But to me the term â€Å"American Dream† stays unchanged: all people can succeed through hard work, and all people have the potential to live happy and successful lives. And in my mind, the entrepreneurship is one of the most famous way to achieve this â€Å"American Dream†. Steven BUYERS who is the founder and owner of EnergyLogic –a fast-growing company in Northern Colorado, appears to me as a very good example of this â€Å"American Dream† which is about hope and the potential for change. In fact, I feel this at the same time through the very innovative and sustainable development oriented concept of his company, and the take of initiative he seems able to show without having a precise idea of where it will lead him. In this paper, I’m going to discuss two major topics which seems relevant to me given Steven BUYERS’ experience, they are: the self-made man and the capacity to see opportunity. Self-made man The first thing I would like to precise is about the vision I have of a self-made man. Obviously when I use this term I’m not saying that Steven BUYERS is the only one responsible of the success of his company, because it would mean that nobody have accompanied him in this project and it wouldn’t be fair not to think about his employees or his wife who has apparently plays a huge role in his success. But I rather mean that he had managed to create and manage a success business starting from like nothing. The concept of the self-made man is necessarily connected with the â€Å"American dream† that I have mentioned before. The self-made man comes from unpromising circumstances, is not born into privilege and wealth, and manages to become a great success in life by his own efforts. The story of the self-made man embodies the goal of every man: â€Å"to become the captain of his own destiny. Actually this is really close to the reasons that people become entrepreneurs and starts their own firms, that is to say: â€Å"be their own boss, pursue their own ideas and pursue financial rewards. † A self-made man is anyone who attains far greater success which was not predictable. The background that Steven BUYERS told us about isn’t exactly what we can call a â€Å"predestinated background†. Indeed, he went through many different jobs and life’s experiences (from the army to a bookstore) before he found his way which tends to prove us that he is one of whose are able to create their own greatness. Finally I would say that being a self-made man, as being an entrepreneurship, is the result of a difference in your character and a willingness to do whatever it takes to be the best and achieve your dreams, just as the concessions made by Steven BUYERS at the beginning of his project. Capacity to see opportunity â€Å"An opportunity is a favorable set of circumstances that creates a need for a new product, service or business. † When we know that homes represent 20% of the energy use in USA –whereas transport â€Å"only† represents 27%, it appears logical to focus on this problem. But at the time that Steven BUYERS started his business, that is to say in 1998, nobody cared about saving energy. He came with this really simple question: â€Å"How to be more efficient with houses’ energy? †, and his project was to provide people with a solution. As far as the opportunity recognition is concerned, Steven BUYERS has done a really good job. Indeed, he identified a product/service that people need and are willing to buy. Everybody isn’t able to see opportunity, because opportunity isn’t just an idea you come with thinking it could work. And this is a crucial point which will determine if the business is going to work, or not. An opportunity has to perform four essential qualities: attractive, durable, timely and anchored to a product. That was the case for Steven’s idea. It was attractive because it allows people to save money; it was durable because it lasts a life-time; it was timely because sustainable development was beginning to develop; and finally it was anchored to a product because it deals with houses and isolation. What is even more impressive in this recognition of opportunity is that Steven BUYERS hasn’t done any real market study or business plan before launching his company. To me the way to identify an opportunity which fit the best to Steven BUYERS is the personal characteristics of entrepreneur. This capacity to see opportunity is an essential trait in my mind which is related to creativity. To conclude I would cite the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson: â€Å"Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. † Being an entrepreneur means being able to go where nobody else went before you, being able to take risks, being able to see opportunities where nobody has looked before you†¦ In my mind there is different ways to succeed in your job. Steven BUYERS succeed by seeing opportunities and managing his own success story as many self-made men have done before him. But no matter what is your background as far as you take your chance to develop successfully your business idea. Unfortunately, nowadays, entrepreneurs are more and more assimilated to capitalism and all the unfairness it can raise. As a result, famous self-made men such as Rockefeller are not as well-recognized as they were in the past –and sometimes even criticized. So we can wonder if the â€Å"American Dream† is still an example to follow or a goal to reach for the majority of American people.

Maman/Louise Bourgeois

Louise, a twelve year old girl drawing missing segments on a tapestry for her parents’ tapestry repair shop lives her life lacking the knowledge of what she is going to be when she grows up. She begins to study math which she loves to do, but she had no idea that her studies had a close association with her exceptional drawing skills. One day, coming home from school, she walks by a tapestry, and begins to reminisce about the times when she had to draw them, so it struck her. She wanted to focus her studies in art. As she began to study art, she soon found out that she also exceeded in painting. She started out small, but her hard work and determination got her to the well-known artist that we know today as Louise Bourgeois, the artist of Maman. Any art piece can have multiple interpretations depending on how you look at it, but knowing the artist’s background will give you a complete understanding of their work of art. In addition, breaking down the artistic terms and one’s interpretation on a work of art are vital and usually different compare to other spectators. Knowing the artists’ background can be quite intriguing because it shows the reason and the process of creating their art, but for Louise Bourgeois’ background, it was straight forward. She was born on Christmas day, December 25, 1911, in Paris, France and now today living in New York at age 98. Her parents anticipated that she will be a boy, and name her Louis Bourgeois after her father’s name. Despite being a girl, she still retained the name, Louise Bourgeois. She is the second oldest of her siblings, but she is actually the third oldest because the first baby died. Her older sister is six year older than her, and her younger brother is one year younger. They lived above a tapestry gallery which belongs to their parents. In 1932 when Louise passed her high school exam, her mother passed away naturally. Family members were a great deal to Louise. Each member of the family has a special part of the family’s role. While studying art and painting art pieces, she met an American art historian, Robert Watergold which she married in 1938. They adopted an orphan boy named Michel which made them move to New York. She felt guilty leaving France, but she wanted to be able to care for the orphan boy. When they moved, she gave birth to two sons in the U. S. Shortly after giving birth, she began her painting career and soon started sculpting abstract sculptures. Her art work was displayed in many museums all over the United States. She regularly exhibited her art work in museums and was an active member of the American abstract artist group. Next, she transformed her paintings into sculptures. An example of such pieces is the sculpture, The Nest in the 1990’s, which is a group of spiders with the mother watching over the little ones. Later she made a giant spider called, Maman and was first displayed outside the Tate Museum of London in 2000. When you walk by Maman, the art piece just captures your attention and draws you in. Once you are in front of this breath taking sculpture. You wonder what is underneath it; how big is it? Well, Maman means mother in French. It was first put on show outside the Tate Museum of London in 2000. The sculpture Maman is a 30 feet tall female spider constructed of stainless steel. The whole sculpture is colored black, and beneath the body, there is a sac attached to the body of the mother spider in which she carries 26 pure white marble representing eggs. In addition, there are eight long thin legs supporting the sculpture to stand up. While assembling the sculpture, Bourgeois paid careful attention to details, such as positioning the legs and detailing the legs in order to attain a well-balanced structure. The sculpture emits a strong aura with all the little details put into it. Besides the original stainless steel version owned by the Tate Museum, London, there are other several brown bronze casts, located at: Kansas City, Canada, Tokyo, Boston, Cuba, and many more. The three main artistic terms are subject matter, content, and artistic form which I will be breaking down in this sculpture. First the subject matter. The sculpture is an image of what appears to be a giant spider with a sac of eggs and eight long thin legs. Secondly, content. The giant spider looks threatening, but the eggs that she embraces in her sac give her a sense of weakness. Louise attached the sac of eggs underneath the spider’s body demonstrating that the spider is more of a mother figure like than a predator. This spider was a tribute to her mother. Ms. Bourgeois said in a statement. â€Å"She was my best friend. Like a spider, my mother was a weaver. Like spiders, my mother was very clever. Spiders are friendly presences that eat mosquitoes. We know that mosquitoes spread diseases and are therefore unwanted. So, spiders are helpful and protective, just like my mother. † (Marie-Laure Bernadac 10) The oversize spider is also frightening which also means pain and fear to some others. So when one walks by, they can reminisce about the old memories of pain or fear. Louise Bourgeois said. â€Å"My sculpture allows me to re-experience the fear, to give it physicality so I am able to hack away at it. Fear becomes a manageable reality. Sculpture allows me to re-experience the past, to see the part in its objective, realistic proportion. † (Marie-Laure Bernadac 8) Finally, artistic form, where she placed the sac of eggs beneath the spider’s body, and the in depth designs on Maman’s legs; especially the size too. From my point of view, I wondered why she made this one so tall compare to all the other spider sculpture she made. Another spider sculpture she made is called The Nest which I have seen in person. The Nest is similar to Maman because Maman has a sac of eggs beneath her, and The Nest has smaller spiders beneath the tallest one in which it is the mother. Since The Nest is about 6 to 8 feet tall, it is saying that we are the predators because it is almost the same height as us. Why does one compare the spider to us you say? It is because we squish them when see them at home. Now she made a bigger and taller sculpture which we all know is Maman; it is saying that we are endanger now if we got too close to her eggs. The size of Maman is saying that who is looking down on whom now? Spiders can make cob webs in the corner and aggravate you. In this case, Maman wants to live her life in peace with her kids, and if you get too close the spider will fight back. Maman is a tribute to her mother because she was not only a mother, but also a best friend. Moreover, her mother was a weaver and was very clever just like a spider. Maman is almost practically a self portrait of Louise’s mother; a protective mother and defend her kids with all her might.

Imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth Essay

Introduction Saudi economy mostly relies on oil industry and its government has much control over natural resources and main economic activities in the land.   Ultimately, the economy of Saudi is centrally planned and therefore has free market economy. As it can be affirmed, oil industry contributes to approximately 45% of the total budget revenue hence making it imperative to the growth of the country. Till now, Saudi Arabia does not think that there is any need for consumption tax however, the country may face many problems in the future what may affect the economy if the oil dry out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A recent analysis from Citigroup has raised the alarming possibility that Saudi Arabia might become a net oil importer by 2030[Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up?, 2012]. However, in order to Find a Solutions to contribute in raising Saudi Arabia economy for long run, and Focusing in another source rather than oil.   In order to maintain economic stability, we want to study the possibility of imposing consumption tax beside zakat on Saudi consumers and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth. Basic concept According to the dictionary, Zakat iscalled (Islamic tax) or (religious tax), it is an annual tax on Muslims comprising percentages of personal income of every kind to aid the poor in the Muslim community.[zakat] Research aim The research aim is to determine the possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers beside zakat and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth Sub problems; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How consumption tax contributes in promoting economic growth. A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why consumption tax. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mechanism of economic growth. C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify mechanism of promoting economic growth by consumption tax. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumer. A)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze tax system for promoting economic growth. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze Zakat system for promoting economic growth. C)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compare (a) and (b) to determine the possibility of imposing consumption tax (the importance or how valuable is the consumption tax). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine the possibility of using consumption tax for promoting economic growth of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives As noted in the above information, the main aim or purpose of conducting this research is to investigate the possibility of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers beside zakat and how it will contribute in promoting economic growth. The following information provides the objectives and research questions for the study. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  To determine the importance of tax particularly in promoting the growth of economy Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚      To analyze all best and possible means of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumer Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚     To determine the possibility of using consumption tax for promoting economic growth of Saudi Arabia Hypothesis Various studies conducted on consumption tax have revealed that consumption tax has a major effect on the country’s economic activities which can greatly affect economic growth, so in this paper we investigate how consumption tax contributes in promoting economic growth. We hypothesized that imposing consumption tax contributes in promoting the growth of Saudi Arabia’s economy. We also hypothesized that the difference between tax system and zakat system will contribute in determine the importance of the consumption tax. Literature review Essentially, previous research indicates a close relationship between introduction of consumption tax and economic growth in a country. Many economists argue that imposing a consumption tax implies increase in government revenue and thus increase in the country GDP which is essential in reflecting the country’s economic growth. There are limited studies tried to identify the relationship between tax structures and economic growth, Here is some of the related literature:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arnold, J. (2008) has focused in studying and analyzing  Ã‚   the relationship between tax structures and economic growth by enteringindicators of the tax structure into a set of panel growth regressions for 21 OECD countries; he found the following results: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Income taxes are associated with significantly lower economic growth and lower levels of GDP per capita than consumption tax and property tax. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respectively, property taxes, and particularly recurrent taxes on immovable property, then consumption taxassociated with the highest levels of GDP per capita. Therefore, these taxes are the most growth friendly taxes in economic growth. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corporate income taxes have morenegative effects on GDPthan personal income tax. In general, the relationship between the income taxes and growth is negative relation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The progressivity of income taxes and growth are negatively related. Also, Widmalm (2001), Padovano and Galli (2002) studied the relationship between progressivity of income taxes and economic growth in 25 countries, they reached the same result, the progressivity of income taxes and economic growth are negatively related. Various studies conducted on consumption tax have revealed that consumption tax has a major effect on the country’s economic activities which can greatly affect economic growth. Brys (2010) in his book ‘OECD Tax Policy Studies Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth’ outlines the various effects consumer tax can have on economic activities of a country.In the book, he states that consumer tax will affect employment and working hours, affect international trade and regulate the activities of the underground economy. Brys continues to state that differentiated consumer tax will encourage people to work, lead to a yield in environmental benefits and reduce inequalities in income. When all these factors are brought together, economic activities of a country are likely to be affected in various ways. Methodology Research approach A good research is the one that provides answers to the research questions, validity, objectivity, accuracy, and economy. A research design is the plan and structure of investigation to obtain answers to research questions. The study adopted a qualitative survey structure. Qualitative research is also adopted since it investigates the social constructivist paradigm and relies on the socially constructed reality nature.   It aims to fundamentally record, analyze as well as determine the significance and meaning of imposing consumption tax on Saudi consumers and its contribution in promoting economic growth. The approach is not initially based on any data to be compared but on the perceptions of those who have experience and knowledge based on consumption tax and its potential in enhancing economic growth of a country. The qualitative research approach here supports positivism whereby although there is no data to be compared as part of quantitative research, the fundamental construct of the research is based on a reality that cannot be changed. The type of this study requires to use qualitative research, in this study we will gathering data from the past studies related to our theme (about the effect of tax on economic growth and then, we will analyses this data And weight all the Pros and Cons, advantage and disadvantage of all type of taxes and decide which type is best for the growth of the economy. We will analyze both of tax system and zakat system and their relation with economic growth, then comparing both system and find the similarities and difference between them. Then study those differences and find solutions that may contribute in the economic growth of Saudi Arabia. Data analysis and discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The raw materials were collected in a systematically organized manner that facilitates the analysis. To permit qualitative analysis, the data received was edited to ensure completeness, consistency, and uniformity before being analyzed to make it meaningful information regarding the study theme which is implications of imposing consumption tax in Saudi Arabia. Collectively the data analyzed enables the study to establish the relationship of consumption tax and economic growth. References Brys, B., & Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.(2010). Tax policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reform and economic growth. Paris: OECD. Could Saudi Arabia’s Oil Exports Dry Up? (2012Ã¥ ¹ ´octoberæÅ"ˆ3æâ€" ¥). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦Ë†: nvesting daily:http://www.investingdaily.com/15734/could-saudi-arabias-oil-exports-dry-up almohainykhaledmohammed. (2003). The role of the tax in the process of economic and social development. Damascus University Journal , Volume 19 – Issue II. zakat. (æâ€" ¥Ã¤ »ËœÃ¤ ¸ Ã¦ËœÅ½). Ã¥ â€šÃ§â€¦ §Ã¥â€¦Ë†: dictionary: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zakat Arnold, J. (2008), â€Å"Do Tax Structures Affect Aggregate Economic Growth?: Empirical   Ã‚   Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries†, OECD Economics Department   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working Papers, No. 643, OECD Publishing. Bleaney, M.F.; N. Gemmell and R. Kneller (2001), â€Å"Testing the Endogenous Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Model: Public Expenditure, Taxation and Growth Over the Long-Run†, Canadian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Economics, Vol. 34(1), pp. 36-57. Schwellnus, C. and J. Arnold (2008), â€Å"Do Corporate Taxes Reduce Productivity and Investment at the Firm Level? 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